Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Periodontal Therapy And Glycemic Control Health And Social Care Essay

What affects 25.8 million people of all ages and 8.3 % of the U.S population? Diabetes. It is estimated there are 18.8 million people diagnosed with another 7 million undiagnosed. 1 The effects of diabetes can be mitigated with rigorous control and high conformity with medical regimen, be it tradition insulin replacing for type I diabetics or peripheral moving drugs that suppress glucose production by the liver or aid to increase insulin production which are most common in Type II diabetic patients. The difference in the two types of diabetes and their direction is beyond the range of this treatment. Suffice it to state that with uncontrolled diabetes patients are at really high hazard of microvascular disease ; including but non limited to: neuropathies, nephritic disease, and sightlessness. In add-on an increased hazard of MI, stroke, possible demand for limb amputations, and periodontic disease. Dental research workers have proposed that IL-1I? , IL-6, and CRP from periodontic inf ection might lend to the entire inflammatory load. ( 2 as cited in4 ) It is from this thought that a two manner relationship between diabetes and periodontic disease stems. So direction ends in respect to diabetes is to keep glycemic control as near to normal as possible to avoid inauspicious effects and maintain overall wellness. With about 1 in 10 people enduring from diabetes it is of import as a wellness professionals and clinicians to acknowledge these wellness hazards in our dental patients and work in concert with their primary attention supplier to advance glycemic control in order to assist keep overall wellness, in add-on to unwritten wellness. There is great chance in garnering a thorough medical history from patients to place possible symptoms: frequent micturition, utmost hungriness and thirst, weariness, weight loss, alterations in vision, prickling or numbness in custodies and pess, frequent infections ; and refer patients who we suspect as possible undiagnosed diabetic patients. Although medical physicians are the lone 1 ‘s qualified to name and handle diabetic patients. The intent of this literature reappraisal is to look at a possible chance that tooth doctors may hold to assist in glycemic control and thereby aid patients to hold better overall general wellness. Patients Presentation Patient M, a 39 Indian male presented to clinic 2CDB on July 2, 2012 with a main ailment of shed blooding gums and a loose tooth. Critical marks were BP1 135/90 BP2 126/90 with a pulse rate of 83. He is 5'11 † and 180lbs. A thorough medical history was undertaken and the patient reported history of high blood pressure, thorax strivings, diabetes, and occasional pyrosis. Patient unclear/uncertain of timeline and stated he had been having medical intervention for a few old ages and was uncertain of his current medicines or doses and reported to seldom supervising blood glucose. Patient studies smoking history of 7 battalion old ages and quit 15 old ages ago. Patient denies intoxicant ingestion and studies his dental history as exigency visits, coppices more than one time day-to-day and ne'er flosses. Patient studies trouble masticating nutrient due to shed blooding gums. During a reappraisal of systems the patient studies frequent hungriness and abdominal hurting. IOE/EOE ( aside from teething ) was within normal bounds. A medical consult was sent for a more thorough history including: history of disease, current medicines, HgbA1c, and specific recommendations for intervention. An assignment was scheduled for two hebdomads with the patient informed for demand of returning with medical consult prior to intervention. The patient cancelled the assignment due to failure to have the medical consult and stated he would return to the clinic or put an assignment when he had it completed. The patient returned to the clinic on November 11, 2012 and was seen by another pupil tooth doctor and once more was sent with a medical consult to obtain complete history including: medicines and HgbA1c. The patient returned on December 12, 2012 with the completed consult. His doctor reported a history of high blood pressure, lipemia, and type II DM. His diabetic medicines included: Metformin 1000mg BID, and Prandin 2mg TID before repasts. HTN controlled with Lisinopril 20mg daily, Simvastatin 10mg for lipemia, and Omeprazole 20mg daily for reflux. CBC values of note were: WBC 11,400 cells/mcL ( marginal normal to high ) , hemoglobin 11.8 g/dL ( somewhat low ) , and an HgbA1c of 10.3 ( highly uncontrolled ) . In perspective normal HgbA1c degrees for non-diabetics autumn below 5.7 % and diabetic control is considered at or below 6.5-7 % . So 10.3 % is highly uncontrolled and puts the patient at hazard for diabetic complications discussed earlier including periodontic disease. Intra-oral test found shed blooding on light force per unit area at fringy gum, history of injury of 8, and 9 which had been splinted to 10,11 antecedently with a semi stiff wire and acrylic which contributed to plaque keeping and trouble keeping country clean. Mobility was found on the undermentioned dentition: 12,13,14,25,26 ( category 3 mobility ) , 3, 18,23, 32 ( category 2 mobility ) , and 4,7,8,15,17,20,27 ( category I mobility ) . 6,7,8,9,10,11 were hard to measure due to splinting of the dentition. Probing deepnesss showed terrible periodontic disease with deepnesss making 10+mm but in most countries 5-8mm examining deepnesss with category II and category III forking engagement. So presently the patient is considered chronic terrible periodontic disease and high hazard for uncontrolled diabetes ( which is a lending hazard factor for periodontic disease ) . Literature Review A clinical inquiry that is presently a popular country of research is if non-surgical periodontic intervention can assist in glycemic control? The PICO formulated is as follows: P- Diabetic Patients with periodontic disease I- Diabetic patients with perio disease having non-surgical grading and root planing C- Diabetic patients with perio disease having no therapy O- Glycemic control measured by HgbA1c A hunt was conducted through the NYU research portal via Medline/PubMed utilizing keywords of diabetes and grading and root planing. Merely free full text articles were included in the consequences, which limited the consequences down to merely 4 hits. So the hunt was revised to the keywords periodontic intervention and diabetes to which 106 articles came back. Titles were assessed and 3 articles were selected for the literature reappraisal.Article I: Decrease in HbA1c degrees following non-surgical periodontic therapy in type-2 diabetic patients with chronic gerneralized periodontal disease: A periodontist ‘s role.3Published in the Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology in 2012, Hungund and Panseriya looked at both clinical parametric quantities of non-surgical therapy along with metabolic parametric quantities as measured by HgbA1c both at baseline, and at three and six months. The purpose of the survey was to utilize HgbA1c measurings in respects to effectual periodonti c intervention on glycemic control. The survey was a prospective instance control clinical survey comparison and experimental group of 15 type II diabetics and control group of 15 non-diabetics. In order to be included in the survey ( experimental group ) done by Hungund the patients had to: be between 30-70 old ages of age, and have presence of type II DM with HgbA1c a†°?6.0 % , FBG a†°?126mg/dl, and random blood glucose a†°?200mg/dl. In add-on to the confirmed diabetes diagnosis the patients had to hold clinical diagnosing of moderate generalized chronic periodontal disease ( ALOSS 4-6mm in all quarter-circles ) and radiographic bone loss of 30-50 % . All patients had to hold a†°?10 dentitions per arch no to include the 3rd grinders, no anterior perio intervention. Besides patients had to consent and commit to followup and could non have or hold any medicine alterations for two months before or during the survey. Patients to be excluded were: any presence of systemic disease that would act upon the patients periodontic disease or haemoglobin degrees in the blood, any disposal of anti-inflammatory antibiotics for four hebdomads prior to the survey, curre nt tobacco users or holding smoked within the last five old ages and pregnant adult females or adult females who intended to be pregnant during the six months of the survey. In looking at the inclusion criteria it was used really efficaciously to insulate the independent variable of non-surgical intervention. In the diabetic patients it was important to hold no medicine changes straight predating or during the survey because that could hold greatly confounded the consequences. In add-on anyone with disease that would/could modulate a patient ‘s periodontic disease were excluded, as were tobacco users a confounding hazard factor for periodontic disease. After the standards were applied they had an experimental group of merely 15 patients with a control ( non-diabetic ) of 15 patients. Although the control in this instance was non-diabetic patients alternatively of diabetics non having periodontic therapy it still efficaciously isolates periodontic therapy in diabetic patients as a possible causative agent to cut down glycemic burden. The job is that it introduces prejudices due to effect-modification. It may over-estimate the glycemic consequence be cause it fails to look at diabetic patients non having periodontic therapy. All of those patients prior to having non-surgical therapy were given unwritten hygiene direction, information on periodontic disease and supra-gingival prophylaxis, followed by scaling and root planing during a subsequent visit.The consequences of the survey found statistical significance for decrease of the followers: plaque index, shed blooding index, and gingival index. Probing depth decreases were important in both groups from baseline to three months and baseline to six months, but non important from three to six months. The PD were: 3.16 A ± 0.65 at baseline to 2.72 A ± 0.39 and 1.67 A ± 0.43 at three and six months. HgbA1c degrees were merely found to be statistically important from baseline to six months. The values at baseline were 8.18 A ± 1.56, and 7.20 A ± 1.37 and 6.73 A ±1.07 at three and six months in the diabetic group.In decision, the survey found important decrease in both exam ining deepnesss and glycated haemoglobin ( HgbA1c ) in diabetic patients. From baseline to six months the survey found a decrease of 18.5 % in the HgbA1c degrees. The article concludes that being as it seems a bipartisan relationship between both uncontrolled diabetes and periodontic disease and improved periodontic disease with improved control of diabetes it is clinically of import to work in coordination with the patients physician as a squad to accomplish better metabolic control of diabetes.3The surveies chief failing was the highly little sample size. With an experimental and control group of merely 15 people each ; the survey decidedly can non be generalized to the population as a whole, besides due to geographic/ethnic restrictions of intervention groups. It besides is of import to observe that all survey participants were seeking either diabetic intervention or periodontic intervention, so it can non needfully be considered a random sampling of diabetic or periodontic patie nts. But the decisions of the survey if implemented would make no injury to the patients.Article II: Does Periodontal Treatment Improve Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients? A Meta-analysis of Intervention Studies4The 2nd article reviewed authored by Janket, Wightman, and Baird was a meta-analysis that looked at intercession surveies to see if periodontic intervention improves glycemic control in diabetic patients. To happen possible surveies they did a hunt utilizing Medline, Cochrane, and Medicine Reviews by the American College of Physicians Journal Club for articles published in English with hunt footings geared toward diabetes, periodontic disease, glycemic control, and HgbA1c. To be included the survey had to be an original intercession where causal illation could be made, the survey had to be a least 2 months, either the primary or secondary result had to be step of glycemic control by HgbA1c, and autumn within the day of the month scope of 1980 and Jan. of 2005 in English.T en surveies were included and all had non-surgical periodontic therapy as intercession with some of the surveies besides including rinses or systemic antibiotics, which could hold perchance confounded the consequences. A statistical trial for heterogeneousness was ran and the included surveies were deemed to be rather homogeneous. The 10 surveies combined to include 456 type I and type II diabetics and came up with non-significant difference in HgbA1c of 0.38 % average decrease. When dividing up type I and type II patients it appeared that type II diabetics consequences generated stronger effects of periodontic intervention on glycemic control but still was non-significant statistical mean decrease of 0.71 % ( limited to type 2 diabetics ) , so the meta-analysis could non reject the void hypothesis that periodontic intervention does non impact glycemic controlThe treatment suggested that future surveies be done to specifically aim type 2 diabetic patients, and that due to multi-fact orial nature of both periodontic disease and diabetes that other lending factors such as smoke, BMI, and diet be adjusted to accomplish a more balanced randomisation. The meta-analysis station hoc showed that a sample size of at least 246 patients were needed to detect a 10 % lessening in HgbA1c. Since HgbA1c reflects long term glycemic control survey continuances should at least be 2 months if non longer. In add-on and most significantly that the periodontic intercession should ensue in clear periodontic betterment because an uneffective intercession may be no different that non-intervention. 4This survey although neglecting to happen a statistical significance did a good occupation at proposing possibilities for future surveies.Article III: Consequence of Periodontal Treatment on Glycemic Control of Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis5 In 2010 Wijnand, Victor, and Bruno performed a systematic reappraisal and meta-analysis on the consequence of periodontic intervention on glycemic control in diabetic patients. The intent of the survey was to make a systematic reappraisal of intercession surveies and see if periodontic intervention affects the wellness of diabetic patients through bettering their blood sugar control compared with diabetic patients enduring from periodontic disease but non having intervention and holding at least a 3 month follow up. The writers searched Medline and Cochrane utilizing keywords runing from periodontic disease or periodontal disease or periodontic infection and diabetes or diabetic or diabetic patient. To be selected for inclusion in the reappraisal the surveies had to run into the undermentioned standards: original probe, intercession surveies with diabetic patients with periodontal disease split into intercession group to have therapy and control group to have no therapy, continuance of 3 months or more with results related to metabolic control in worlds topics. The original hunt found 639 eligible articles, which were finally narrowed down to five surveies to be included in the reappraisal and have informations extracted to be analyzed. From the surveies selected the chief characteristics of participants was extracted: features of the population, type of diabetes and its control and continuance, periodontic diagnosing, and intercession. Through assorted statistical trials the meta-analysis was performed. After rating the survey found that HgbA1c can be reduced in type 2 diabetic patients on mean by 0.40 % average decrease with CI of [ -0.77, -0.04 ] through periodontic therapy when compared to command topics. The writers advise cautiousness of the consequences for the undermentioned grounds: deficiency of heterogeneousness in surveies non generalizable to the full population, the little figure of surveies ( N=5 ) , study design defects due to selection prejudice by puting those avoiders of intervention in a control group, and besides 2 surveies used metabolically controlled patients which could perchance decrease the consequence. Besides many of the surveies concomitantly used systemic or local antibiotics, which could act upon the result and confound existent consequences of merely non-surgical therapy. The survey suggests the demand for farther intercession surveies and asserts that the intervention of more terrible signifiers of periodontal disease could be more good in footings of HgbA1c due to an increased inflammatory load and what I would name more room for betterment. Further suggestions for future surveies include: a big individual blind RCT of diabetics with moderate to severe periodontal disease, a follow up period of 6 months or longer, a sample size big plenty to analyse and distinguish between moderate to severe periodontal disease. 5SynthesisSo through the reappraisal of the anterior the little intercession survey by Hungund found a important difference of glycemic control betterment of 18 % reduction3 when compared to the two meta-analysis surveies, which found differences of average HgbA1c decrease 0.70 % 4 ( non-significant ) and a average HgbA1c decrease of 0.40 % 5 ( important ) after follow up. That is a prodigious difference in decrease, which could hold been du e to the fact that in article 1 with a intercession group of 15 topics which is excessively few patients to hold sufficient power and the non-diabetic control which introduces consequence alteration.All three surveies stress the importance of continued surveies in the country of diabetics and periodontic therapy in respects to glycemic control. So it rests upon us as tooth doctors to do a clinical judgement. In all world those patients who have the most to derive and better are those that are least controlled which absolutely describes Patient M.Conclusion & A ; Recommendation for TreatmentWhen trying to use the literature reappraisal to Patient M described antecedently there are a few troubles unique to the patient state of affairs. Patient M is presently a hack driver who is really busy and often naturals or disappoints antecedently scheduled assignments. In add-on in talking to the patient on his nutrition and nutrient consumption he states that many times due to his occupation h e has to run and catch fast-food which many times he admits is non the healthiest option. Besides in taking his medicines and eating his repasts they are fickle and at different times each twenty-four hours doing glycemic control that much more hard. At last interview he seldom if of all time checks his blood sugar. At his current degree of 10.3 ( HgbA1c ) he has the most to perchance derive in respects to betterment of glycemic control due to periodontic therapy. But, even using the possible betterment from the reviewed articles at best 18 % decrease would go forth him at approximately 9.0 and at a average decrease of 0.5-0.7 % that was found in the two meta-analysis surveies ( one being non-significant ) still besides leaves him extremely uncontrolled at around 9.5. In add-on everything we are presently taught in the course of study is that any HgbA1c over ~8.5 should merely have exigency attention until under control due to possible infections and delayed lesion healing.The troub le in comparing the literature reviewed to the patient is that every bit stated before he may be on the high terminal of uncontrolled and have a more terrible periodontic position. Which harmonizing to Teeuw et Al that intervention of generalized terrible periodontal disease could be more good in footings of glycemic control of diabetic patients.5 At this clip the most of import thing along with expeditious intervention of terrible periodontic status following initial glycemic control, including extractions of dentitions with poor/hopeless forecast and non-surgical therapy to diminish bacterial burden and inflammatory procedure. The tooth doctor should work closely with the primary attention supplier and patient, along with a dietician to assist Patient M. achieve glycemic control through diet and exercising and a healthy life style. Until that clip patient instruction is necessary where he is pre-contemplative phase and non presently desiring to alter.To this point, as stated in th e patient ‘s dental history, he merely sees the tooth doctors for what he considers to be exigency visits. Attempts to hold the patient return to clinic for clinical exposures, followup on glycemic control with physician, intervention planning, has been near to impossible. The patient when contacted has stated he is excessively busy to come in and will name when he has a opportunity. So every bit far as long-run forecast for both glycemic and periodontic control it is highly guarded to hapless at this point due to low conformity of patient.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Victoria Secrets

MAIN ITEMS TO BE COVERED IN THE GROUP PROJECT 1. Overview of chosen company/product and its domestic marketing strategy (in the country in which it is currently based). Victoria's Secret is an American retailer of women's wear, lingerie and beauty products. [2] It is the largest segment of publicly-traded Limited Brands with sales of over US$5 billion and an operating income of $1 billion in 2006. [2] Victoria's Secret is known for its annual fashion show, the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, and for its catalogs, both of which feature top fashion models. . In-depth Environmental Analysis of key foreign country-market(s) being considered for expansion. This would include Cultural, Political, Economic, Legal and Technological aspects of the environment (all aspects of the macro and micro environment that are relevant to the particular company/product and country-market being looked at need to be covered). †¢ Environmental Analysis must be supported by country-specific research, an d sources must be cited supporting key perspectives on the country. Key similarities and differences between the particular foreign market and the home market must also be identified and discussed 3. Competitive Analysis 4. SWOT analysis – company’s own strengths and weaknesses in the context of the environmental analysis and market audit. 5. Evaluation of companies Objectives (both short and long-term) for the specific products and country-markets being considered (in the light of the environmental analysis) and recommendations. 6.Assessment of the country-market opportunity being considered, and possible market-entry strategies appropriate to the market, including recommendations on most suitable market-entry strategies in the context of the preceding analysis (Note: In situations where the company has already decided on a country-market to enter into, you would evaluate and critique the company decision, and provide your view on whether you agree with the particular country-market choice or not). 7. Marketing Mix Recommendations for the chosen country-market and rationale for the recommendations.Particular reference should also be made to Standardisation and Adaptation (ie. The marketing mix elements that will be 2 carried over from the home market to the foreign market and therefore standardised, and the marketing mix elements that will be customized to suit the needs of the foreign market should be analysed and highlighted) . The marketing mix recommendations should include: a. Target markets and consumer profile b. International Product/Services strategy c. International Marketing Communications strategy d. International Distribution & Channel Management strategy e. International Pricing strategy f.Any other relevant marketing mix elements that you recommend be used a part of the strategy to enter the foreign market Please note that your recommendations will need to logically flow from your Environmental analysis (including the comparison o f the home market and the foreign market), SWOT analysis, evaluation of company objectives, and choice of market and entry-strategies. They also need to provide a rationale for how implementing your recommendations will lead to the company achieving the objectives you have defined. Marks Allocation for Items above: Item 1: 10% Item 2: 20% Item 3: 6% Item 4: 10% Item 5: 4% Item 6: 10% Item 7: 40%

Monday, July 29, 2019

CRITICAL ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CRITICAL ANALYSIS - Essay Example Although, microscopic urine sediment analysis is generally regarded as the gold standard for urinalysis, its flaws are also acknowledged. Besides the problem with interobserver variability and imprecision, this method is also labour intensive and very time consuming (Langlois et al., 1999). While the culture method is the preferred method of detecting and quantifying bacteria in urine (Graham and Galloway, 2001), non-culture tests include Gram staining of uncentrifuged urine specimens, Gram staining of centrifuged specimens, or direct observation of bacteria in urine specimens, Nitrite test, leukocyte esterase tests etc. Suprapubic aspiration is generally considered the best method to avoid contamination of specimen, however, this method is rarely used because it is invasive and thus uncomfortable and dangerous (Wilson and Loretta, 2004). Semi-automatic equipments like the Yellow IRIS, followed by the UA-1000 and UA-2000 (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan) were early attempts at automation of urine analysis. With the Yellow IRIS, precision and sensitivity is reported to be considerably better as compared to visual microscopy, especially at the lower concentration range. The Yellow IRIS device after removing mucus strands from native urine, adds a dye and the stained urine is passed through an optical pathway. A strobe lamp interrupts the motion of the fluid and the particles in it are captured on a colour video-camera. The resulting images of the particles are differentiated with respect to their lengthwise dimensions and then presented for validation by a trained analyst. UA-1000 and UA-2000 follow the same principle, but provide better image resolution compared with the Yellow IRIS because the particles are captured by a colour CCD camera Several studies evaluating and/or validating these automated urine examination methods have been carried out and published. From its findings, a few authors concluded that though the UF-100 might not be seen as a

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Knowledge Management Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Knowledge Management Program - Essay Example Knowledge review-this step entails the evaluation of the registered knowledge of the associated knowledge. Step 5: Return phase- this is where an evaluation may result in the rejection of knowledge. This may be because there is inadequate content. Step 6: Knowledge approval- this step takes place when there is adequate content in the KMS knowledge Step 7: Search for necessary knowledge Step 8: Knowledge operation control – this is where specific knowledge is commented on according to the assessment done. In order to transform an actual organization into a more knowledge-based organization, a person should consider improving the work processes that leverage knowledge, technology infrastructure to support knowledge and transfer and its culture, customs, and practices. These components of change are important to effective knowledge use and transformation to a knowledge-based company. Altering the culture of the actual organization also helps in transforming an organization. This is because organizational knowledge and culture are interrelated. Therefore, in order to apply new knowledge and implement changes and improvements in KM, the culture should be modified to support the new behavior. Moreover, organizations should match leadership culture with the operational need. This is done independently of the level of culture in the organization. Improved technology infrastructure eases communication that forms a core component of effective KM. as a result, efficient communication helps in knowledge transfer and adoption, and this forms a good foundation of transforming an actual organization to a knowledge-based organization (Collision & Parcell, 2004). Firms should also leverage knowledge in order to create a more knowledge-based organization. This entails the use of the abundant knowledge available in managing business operations. This is because knowledge is a critical resource that demands more consideration. Other ways to transform an actual organization t o a knowledge-based one include sharing knowledge and best practices, allowing the employees to solve their problems encountered during business operations with minimal management interference. The second-generation KM elevates the understanding of the fact that knowledge is created with differing levels of quality. Therefore, individuals can improve the quality of knowledge possessed by aggressively managing knowledge production. In this case, people can enhance the quality of their decisions, operations, and results owing to the quality of knowledge possessed. An organization can be changed to align its operations and KM with the top three principles from second-generation KM. These principles include: â€Å"Learning and innovation is a social process, not an administrative one (strong affinity with organizational learning theory)†. â€Å"Organizational learning and innovation are triggered by the detection of problems† â€Å"Valuable organizational knowledge does n ot simply exist- people in organizations create it† These three second-generation top three principles are more inclusive of human resource, process, and social initiatives. The principles bring about the introduction of new concepts, ideas, and insights on KM.

Saturday, July 27, 2019

What's good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What's good - Essay Example These were the years of violation and neglect. Martin Luther states that everyone has to gain the rightful place in the world of God. He calls people to stay together, to unite and fight the injustice of the surrounding world. The reaction of the audience (the numerous ovations) persuades us that that the speech of Martin Luther gained great success and appreciation. Among the list of speeches, there was also one, which was worse than all the other ones. It was the discourse of Malcolm X about the rights of voting and black nationalism. Unlike Martin Luther he does not connect his religious views with the political events so tightly. However, he uses the same methods to attract the attention of the auditory. For example, the constant rise and fall of the intonation. The negative side is that he uses the complex sentences, which are sometimes meaningless. Anyway, he presents the strong arguments in order to support his position. He unites people by the definition â€Å"black community† and states that they need to understand its political ideas. Though Malcolm X definitely attracted the attention of the audience, his speech needs correction. In conclusion it is important to state that political speeches are used in order to influence the cognition of the population. The science of their creation requires great experience and pure vision of the world situation and moods of the

Human Resource Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example These human resources management decisions are aimed at maximizing the return on investment from organization’s human capital. Human resource management also entails conducting its various practices e.g. recruitment, promotion and compensations in a fair, legal and consistent manner. In this way therefore, human resource management is more than personnel administrations since it needs planning, resources and management skills The modern human resource management analysis perceives human being as valuable assets or resource of an organization. However, the human beings are taken as rational, creative and social beings which differentiate them from other assets. The human resource which is mostly referred as human capital, therefore, proper management to increase their productivity and reduce risk and losses associated with poor management of human capital. (Claydon, Beardwell, et al 2007). At this point therefore, human resource management entails research and development in order to make informed decisions. This make the human resource to be perceived more than labor force which has been taken as an organization resource by economist. Some of the challenged and environmental forces that are considered by human resource managers before making decisions include market labor wages, working conditions, work place diversity and human skills. The human resource managers must also ensure that decisions made com ply with labor laws in order to keep a good image of the organization. In order to analyze the human resource management position in the organization management units, it is necessary to analyze the various practices and activities of human resource management. Human resource management involves human resource development which is achieved through job analysis. This is done by identifying level of skills, abilities, competences and

Friday, July 26, 2019

The Role and Respoinsiblities of the Selling Department Manager Essay - 1

The Role and Respoinsiblities of the Selling Department Manager - Essay Example This led to my choice of this firm to base my study on. Before joining Macy’s, the interviewee had earlier on worked for another company as an employee. While at the Macy’s the interviewee worked in the retail section, where she was elevated to the managerial level and headed the makeup counter. She was responsible for selling make ups in both companies she worked for. The interviewee was hired on the basis of her previous experience since she had earlier on worked for another cosmetics company. Mostly, for one to hold a managerial position in an organization, it is apparent that he or she is well educated. This means that the lowest educational level a person can have is at least a bachelor’s degree, accompanied with relevant work experience (Trehan & Trehan, 165). This is because management deals with running a segment of a business, which can be complex if one does not have the adequate knowledge and skills required. According to the interviewee, her typical career path was directed towards sales and marketing. Apparently, a career path is an individual’s choice. This is mostly influenced by an individual’s hobbies and not what one has studied in college or whatever level of his or her studies. Job responsibilities and duties are mostly set up by the firm offering the placement. These are the tasks one is supposed to carry one once hired. The interviewee, being in the position of a manager at a selling department, she was charged with the coordination and running of the department and at one point, she was involved in actual selling. The interviewee disclosed that the amount of salary paid was a discussion between her and the firm during the interview. It crucial for a person to discuss the expected salary with the employer before accepting an offer for the job. This makes it clear to the employee on what to expect in terms of remunerations and any other benefits that may form part of

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Anna Pavlova Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anna Pavlova - Research Paper Example On graduation, she began to perform at the Maryinksy Theatre, debuting on September 19, 1899. 1In early 20th century, Pavlova was a transnational celebrity. She had her first tour to Moscow in 1907 and by 1910; she made an appearance at the Metropolitan Opera House in America. In 1912, she settled in England. Her ties to Russia were broken in 1914 when she was travelling through Germany to Russia, when Germany declared war on Russia. Based in London, she toured the world with the help of her manager, Victor Dandre who may have been her husband. She kept her private life highly confidential. Her final tour was between 1928-29 and her final performance in England took place in 19302. It is not what she did that brought her to the limelight, it is how she did it that made her phenomenal. She expressed her thoughts through dance, which was complemented by her remarkable body that added flavor to her dance. She played a big role as the pioneer of dance theatre and that role has helped shape what modern ballet is. She was almost entirely committed to the classic style based on ballet tradition. Her fame was mostly credited to her wittiness, frailness, daintiness and lightness. She enabled the world realize the influence of dance in society. Driven by the desire to achieve recognition for her talent, she was able to influence her community. She became a spokesman for her art, attracting audiences to her and to ballet. Her willingness to perform across the globe popularized ballet and helped shape what it is today. Her tours established ballet as a highly popular art that brings people together. Her stage performances were exceptional. She made unique entrances and exits on stage such that no one could predict where she was emerging from or where she would disappear to. She was an embodiment of choreography. Her image left the audience wanting more and her art in dancing remained a mystery. She

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Airline Competition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Airline Competition - Essay Example search on Priceline.com for flights from Atlanta, Georgia to New York City showed a difference in prices of $3 between international carriers Delta Air Lines and American Airlines and $27 between American Airlines and United Airlines. (Priceline) However, Air Tran Airways which only makes flights within North, Central and South America was selling the same flight for $10 cheaper than Delta Air Lines, already the one with the lowest air fare among the three international airline companies. Strategy also means providing more benefits than the competitor. In the same example, Air Tran Airways had 3 morning flights, 3 afternoon flights and 2 evening flights to choose from. On the other hand, Delta Air Lines only had 2, 2 and 1, respectively, while United Airlines, which offered the most expensive price, only had 2, 1 and 1. Finally, strategy means mergers such as that between Delta Air Lines and Northwest Air Lines in 2008. (Mouawad) By combining their businesses, the public is given the opportunity to experience the services they like from the two airlines. Meanwhile, the new company receives the loyalty and business of two groups of consumers and possibly another group which sees the combination of two trusted names in the industry as resulting to a better flying

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Critical Analysis of Pleasantville Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical Analysis of Pleasantville Film - Essay Example She tries to convince David, who thinks it is okay to be the way they were. The family set-up does not go well with her as she finds it boring and sort of a routine. She feels lost and does not belong in the town where people follow same patterns day in day out and where it is forbidden to have their personality. Jennifer, however, adapts to the new lifestyle as she finds the attention from boys and becomes famous. She together with David helps the people of Pleasantville to have their way of thinking (Simon 67-8). The second character is David, who is a quiet, unpopular kid who many people in Pleasantville depended on. He is a loner who is glad to be in Pleasantville, which he thinks of as an escape place. He grows to have leadership characteristics and earns color when he punches out a thug who was attacking his mom. He is protective of his sister and many people in the suburb depend on him for guidance and protection. He is glad that he ends up with a family with values and a home-cooked meal at dinner. His primary aim for the town is to have some flexibility and to be able to adapt to the new ways. He empowers the people of Pleasantville to have their mindset (Simon 67-8). However, it does not go so well as not everyone is for empowerment. David helped in putting out fire from a tree in the suburb. Initially, had been no fire in Pleasantville, and all the firefighters ever did was rescue a cat stuck in a tree. David brought to light and color to the firefighters as he helped them learn to put out a real fire. He is a romantic character when he becomes so happy that it rained for the first time in Pleasantville on the first date with Margaret. Margaret offers him an apple, and when it starts raining, David shields Margaret from the rain using his umbrella.

Monday, July 22, 2019

Types of Services Essay Example for Free

Types of Services Essay The layout, menu, inventory, food prices and decoration of the restaurant determined by the services style. The service style of a restaurant depends on personal preferences, target market and location. Fine dining offers the finest food, services and atmosphere to the customers. Many people choose fine dining for a special occasion, so food should not disappoint, either in the selection or quality. No need to have an extensive menu, but it should be interesting, and offer unique dishes that customers cannot find in any other restaurant. Good food, drinks and wine should be extremely superior to anything offered at other restaurants and wine should be paired with the desire dishes and complement to customer’s menu. Also have prix fixe or limited menu that change on weekly or daily basis which allows people to buy seasonal items. In this kind of restaurant customer service is more attentive than in casual dining. Fine dining services goes far beyond taking an order and deliver food. Also provide the other services like crumbling the table between courses, replace linen napkin, explain menu without notes. Fine dining restaurant attract the people like business man, couples, family, tourist. These specific groups are focused because these are the people who frequent other restaurants and bar in the area also they are willing to spend their money on good dining and service at a value price. Cuisine History China has a civilized history of 5,000 years and Chinese cuisine has evolved over time. Chinese Cuisine enjoys high reputation in the world due to its abundance and exquisite, delicious taste and charming appearance. The Chinese food varies from local ingredient, climate, customs and cultures, so there are widely diverse food styles and taste in local regions. Chinese cuisine is any of several styles of food originating in the regions of China, some of which have become highly popular in other parts of the world.as early as the 7th century B.C Chinese cuisine began to be separated as southern and northern cuisine. Southern dishes emphasize freshness and tenderness. Northern dishes have more fat and garlic which is offset with vinegar, due to its cold weather. Its cooking techniques, preparation, serving and appreciation of food have been developed to the highest level. Cooking has occupied an important position in Chinese culture throughout its history. Chinese culture considers cooking as â€Å"an art and a science†. Rich and poor, the Chinese people consider that delicious and nutritious food is a basic necessity. There is an old Chinese saying â€Å"Food is the first necessity of the people†. Preparation method Stir frying The most frequently used method is stir frying. this method cooks processed ingredients at high heat for short period. Edible oil is used as the heat conductor. Because of short period of time, ingredients keep their nutrition value. Stir frying meat is juicy and testy , vegetables are tender and crispy. Deep frying This method uses more edible oil than stir fry, producing crisp textured food. In this method, cut the ingredients in small pieces, soak them in seasoning for a while, coat with corn starch, then fry in hot deep oil over medium heat. Shallow frying Shallow fried dishes are rather tender inside, appearing golden or slightly burnt outside. First cut the ingredients in slice or flat pieces and rubbed with seasoning. For crispiness, ingredients coated with cornstarch. Ingredients should be fried one side first and then turn to other. Braising In this method cooks ingredients over medium heat in small amount of sauce and simmering for short time of period. Also known as Hong Shao when the sauce is based on soy sauce. Boiling This is the simplest method among all the methods. It is used for small sized and soft ingredients, mostly for the vegetable soups like egg and tomato and tofu soup. It takes shorter time than braising. Prepared ingredients placed in wok with water and seasonings when the surface of the water is agitated by bubbles. Steaming This is the special method invented in china. It is used for steaming dumplings and buns in north china. In this method, place the ingredients in a steamer basket which is placed over water in a steamer pot. Roasting Roasting is to cook the food over the open flame of charcoal or in oven. To roast food, the ingredients must be cleaned, seasoned and basted with edible oil in order to reduce the loss of moisture in the ingredients during the roasting process. Regional differences within the country â€Å"There is no single Chinese diet but a wide variety of diets across the country that varies with ethnic and geographic differences.† Chinese cuisine is divided into two distinct styles northern and southern. There is a plenty of regional diversity between southern and northern region in the country’s cuisine also plenty of customs and traditions associated with the preparing and consumption of food. Northern cuisine is characterized by its extensive use of oil but the food itself is not cloyed. Northern people believe that the use of vinegar and garlic make the food delicious and tasty. There are many northern dishes that revolve around pasta. Northern popular dishes are ravioli-dumplings, noodles, steamed stuffed buns, steamed bread and fried meat dumplings. The areas of Tientsin and Shantung are the regions that are known for making use of Northern style cooking.in north Beijing jiaozi, Peking duck, Chinese traditional dumpling. Jiaozi is filled with pork and vegetables but it can be varied by the fruits or chestnuts. In history Peking duck is served to important and wealthy during the Qing dynasty. In southern style cooking people are used to use chili papers making the food more peppery and the food in general is known to possess tenderness and freshness. It doesn’t mean that all the food prepared in south is peppery, people can choose food according to their taste. Rice dishes like rice cake, noodles and congee are very popular in southern style cooking. In south, food taste is varies according to cities like people in shanghai like to eat sweet, Wuhan people like to eat peppery taste, some people in other cities like to eat salty food. In south, Guangdong region is famous for its light flavor and cooking technique and another creation of this region is dim sum which is small bite sized appetizer food.

Black Men and Public Space Essay Example for Free

Black Men and Public Space Essay In Brent Staples’ personal essay â€Å"Black Men and Public Space†, he tells the readers what happen to a young black man in an urban setting. He pinpointed that people often stereotype you because of color, race, gender, culture or appearance. In addition, the author expresses to us that he notices the space between him and other people, such as women on the street. Some people may disagree that women set a certain amount of space when walking by a black man on the street. This statement is not true and public space is not about race, gender, color, culture, or appearance. Do we as a people stereotype other people because of race or gender? I believe that race plays a big role when viewing other people, either if were walking down the street or walking into the store. We have a specific view of people from other races and even their own. For example, a black businesswoman might stereotype another woman from her own race because she may not have the same attire as her or grew up in a different area. A white businesswoman might look down on another white women who make less money than her like she is no one, which is not true. But back to Staples’, he once said that a woman cast worried glance at Staples when she saw him walking down the street. Staples found this to be a little strange as he walks too close to the women she seems to pick up her pace of speed after a few glimpses of Staples. In this part of the essay, Staples had a sense that a woman who barely knows him was probably stereotyping him. In addition, he stated that when he would walk in front of a car when people were at a stoplight, men and women would lock their car doors. In recent news in the put exact month it happened year 2013, there was a famous story about a young boy named Trayvon Martin. Trayvon’s story can relate well with the author personal essay. Just like Staples, Travyon was a young African American boy who was stereotyped by the way he looked by someone of another race. The person that speculated young Trayvon to be dangerous was a Latino man, name George Zimmerman who was well over Trayvon’s age, and thought the young boy had a gun in his pocket and was going to shoot him. Zimmerman perceived Trayvon to be a dangerous threat to the person of a different race but in reality he was a young boy with a hoodie over his head and skittles in his pocket. Staples personal essay relates to this story because when he walks into a store or down the street people would look at him in a different light. Just because he is young African American man walking down the street or into the store doesn’t mean he will steal, kill, or rape someone. Instead looking down on people of other races than our own, we other need to be optimistic because not everyone is the same. People shouldn’t have to change their demeanor for other people not to be scared of them because of what they look like or their race. Brent Staples believed that the woman in his personal essay thought he was a rapist, mugger, or worse, he noted that there was a certain amount distance between him and women especially at night. This proves to show that when people are being stereotyped they pay close attention to gender as well as race. You’re less likely to be afraid of a black woman, or any woman, walking down the street at night. When the woman saw a black man it seemed as if she felt trapped and that the narrator closing in on her only made her more anxious and ready to run. Would the situation be the same if a black woman were walking behind her? I believe the situation would be nothing similar to what the narrator experienced. Most people see women as less intimidating than a man. I know if a woman was wearing a hoodie and walking behind me I would be less scared and intimidated than if a man was walking behind me. I think part of that is our perception of the opposite sex. I perceive men as stronger than women, no matter what their race is. It’s just the image that we get from the media, our parents, and our surroundings. Either way people are stereotyped everyday, it doesn’t matter if you are black/white or a man/woman. As a whole we need to stop labeling people by the way they look because one day we might mistake the wrong person that appears to be a good a person but in reality they are the rapist or mugger. So before you decide to give off any perception of anyone by the way they look, you should be optimistic and have an open mind towards other people, but still have guard up.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Biometric Applications for Information Security

Biometric Applications for Information Security Chapter 1 1 .0 Introduction In recent times, the use of computer towards accessing information has increased and this has made our lives simplified in different ways, whereby easing people around the globe to communicate and share information. Due to this growing computer technology, the need for an improved network service which involves public accessing these devices is to be put in place. Generally, this advancement in knowledge towards the use of modernised technology has lead to the investigating and unveiling of new threats to computer system security which affects the todays organisations. From my research carried out it has been noticed that most organisations are in search of better means of improving their information security system, and also a cost effective means towards safeguards against fraud and impersonation .As we all know that data protection is a valuable resource which must be kept strictly, controlled and managed properly in an organisation. In the nutshell, the term security basically referred to as the protection and guidance of a system from unauthorised access, be it intentional or accidentally, irrespective of the service provided by the database management system. This work will generally involve the use of keystroke dynamics as a means of establishing a unique identity, which will be used as an additional measure towards enhancing information/data security in an organisation (e.g. Banks, Institutions, legislative departments, finance houses, production firms etc). This unique identity will help present a safeguard towards authenticating the acces s to computers by recognizing an individual based on his stored features i.e. mouse movement, keyboard application, typing rhythm etc. The protection of an information database system at all level in an organisational system, has over the years become an essential concern, this is as a result of different type of threats and unauthorised advances made by malicious individuals. Many organisations, over the years gone ahead towards the development and adoption of a stronger web-based services of computer controls, because from my research I gathered that information and transaction worth fortunes are been dealt with on a daily basis and the organisation has to ensure its protection by all means. Because any breach of security will lead to fatal destruction of the system. During my report it was noticed that in most organisational application, the access to information database system where usually restricted through the use of a login ID/password protection scheme. This has been in place for years and if by any means this scheme is breached, and then the organisations information is generally exposed towards any possi ble fraudulent misuse. During my research work I gathered that, hardware based security managed systems has a positive impact towards the reduction of unauthorised access by imposter. According to â€Å"David Zhang and Anil Jain† 2006, in there book â€Å"Advance biometric† it stated that acceptance rate is still study dependent and the results indicate that the false acceptance ratio (FAR) is still on the order of 5%, beyond the acceptable risk level of many organizations, considering the costs in terms of hardware and training time. In the nutshell it will be said that security and database plays an important role in all areas where computers are used, including business, electronic commerce, engineering, medicine, law, library science and many lot of more fields. I would like to give a brief definition of what database is all about and its surrounding topics on which we will deal with as we proceed on the project work. Generally, database can be said to be a cart where information are stored, updated and retrieved, it is a very important part of everyday life, and has to be secured from utterances. The term Biometric said to be gotten from the combination of the Greek words ‘Bios, which means life, and ‘Metrikos which is said to be measuring. This technology is said to be the ability to identify an individual based on their unique characteristic, which can either be physiologically (passive) or behavioural (active) characteristic mode of identification. Over the years it has been notice that one of the most secured and effective means of authenticating and identifying an individual involves the verification of their personal unique characteristic. This is sometimes usually done in conjunction with a PIN or token (known as multi-factor authentication) also by users name and password. One of the proper ways of managing biometric secured information database includes its registration, storage, and verification which is known as â€Å"Biometric Identity Management†. However, from research Information security is known to be one of the fastest growing areas in the IT world, and its efficiency is to be assured by minimising exposure to external and internal attacker. â€Å"Enhancing information security using keystroke dynamics (Behavioural Biometrics) as an additional measure in organisations† as my research topic was brought to light. This research report is basically aimed at reviewing information database security system and the use of keystroke biometric towards security enhancement, where by reviewing the effective implementation, design and management of information system in organisation, and protecting it from intruder. Also it will clearly highlight on the pros and cons of traditional means compared to biometrics means of application. I will strictly focus on keystroke biometrics, which is a human behavioural biometric whereby need for any form of physiological attribute, is not needed. This study (Information security and biometric application) will be place into the following stages: (Nanavati. S, (2002), Von Solms S.H (2000)) Identification and authentication An individual been identified and authenticated; Authorisation Being authorised to use certain resources; Confidentiality Ensuring confidential information i.e. data or software, stays confidential and accessible only to authorised individuals; Integrity Making sure only authorised individuals can change the content of data or software; Non-denial Ensuring that an individual cannot deny the authorisation of a transaction (e.g. in Banks), like changing the content of data. The deployment of Biometrics and the above stages will require a solid understanding of the technology and why it is been deployed, its mode of function, performance and accuracy will be looked into and analysed. Also the choice of which biometric application to use depends highly on the intended application of the system, here are some of the biometric applications in existence today: finger print; face recognition, hand geometry and iris recognition etc. Some of these biometric features are applied in areas like, time and attendance systems, voters registration, immigration and border control, access control, computer security, and financial firms. This project research work will involve a practical part of the application and to achieve the aims successfully, the following objective will be put into consideration. Objectives: Presenting details of biometric applications for information security purposes. Comprehensive review on information security threat, breaches, awareness solutions and discussing case studies on its effect on organisational system. Building / implementing a keystroke access database application. Critically analyse and evaluate the impact of the design keystroke enable database(Pros and Cons) To conclude on findings and recommendation for future developments of information security system. 1.1 Why the Study and Goals The scope of this study is to present, review and analyse problems which are been faced in organisations information security, where by been able to create and suggest a means of securing sensitive information from external sources and mostly internal sources. In recent times from information gathered it has been found that most security breaches /threat in organisations have been linked to internal sources. Here I will recommend a keystroke biometric application in organisations which are known to have a friendly environment between member of staff and the easy of sharing personal details, are on the high side. Generally I am not saying there are no securities measures in organisations to curb these intrusions, but as earlier mentioned most of these leakages are carried out by internal sources. But most organisations make use of traditional login process (user names and password, chip and pin). Alternatives to password-based authentication, keystroke biometric can either be used as an additional measure or replace the traditional method, this can help identify intruded and access are denied. A special focus will be on keystroke dynamics, in which firstly, the goal is to verbalize requirements which these alternative authentication schemes need to satisfy. After reviewing the alternative methods from a security and usability point of view, the result should be to answer the question whether the presented schemes is capable of being alternatives to password-based authentication mechanisms or not. 1.2 Related Studies. In the past and at present a lot of studies and researches is been carried out, in regards to users identification, verification and authentication, with their respective ways of securing information system. Keystroke dynamics was first introduced in the early 1980s as a method for identifying the individuality of a given sequence of characters entered through a traditional computer keyboard (R. Gaines, W. Lisowski, S. ). Keystroke dynamics originated from studies of the typing patterns exhibited by users when entering text into a computer using a standard keyboard. Researches in this field focused on the keystroke pattern in terms of keystroke duration and keystroke latencies. Evidence from preliminary studies indicated that typing patterns were sufficiently unique and easily distinguishable from one another, much like a persons written signature (R. Gaines, W. Lisowski, S., R. Joyce and G. Gupta ).Here are some studies which have been carried out towards information security such a s that conducted by â€Å"Arwa Al-Hussain (2008)†, â€Å"Biometric-based Authentication Security†, â€Å"Saleh Bleha†, â€Å"Charles Slivinsky†, and â€Å"Bassam Hussein†: â€Å"Computer-access security systems using keystroke dynamics†, â€Å"R. Joyce and G. Gupta†: User authorization based on keystroke latencies. And also â€Å"Revett, K. and Khan, A†, 2005, carried out a research on Enhancing login security using keystroke hardening and keyboard griddling. But In my research work I will look into all aspect of biometric applications in regards to keystroke dynamic application and it suitability towards detecting intruders trying to gain access into a database information system. 1.3 Problem Statement In this research which is to attempt the implementation of keystroke biometric and mouse application as a security measures towards preventing the gaining of access to sensitive data from unauthorised individual in organisation, also to prevent password sharing and identity theft from within and outside the organisation. To be able to achieve this, I will be looking into the different types of biometrics and the added advantage presented by keystroke biometrics in relation to cost and easy of application. Finally I will not neglect the difficulties that may be encountered towards the successful achievement and completion of this research, also all necessary steps will be taken to have a conclusive project work. 1.4 Outline of Dissertation Topics and Organisation The other part of this paper work is organised and subdivided in the following pattern. Chapter 2 will focus more on the in-depth of Biometrics application, the benefits of biometrics compared to traditional authentication methods, advantages and disadvantages of the different identification mechanism ,it challenges and effect on todays society and finally the different types of biometrics. Chapter 3 will concentrate on the information security issues, social engineering and security solutions presented by biometrics enhanced system. In Chapter 4 an in-depth analysis of the keystroke biometrics will be look into and its application towards information security. Chapter 5 will concentrate mainly on implementation of keystroke biometrics, a demonstration of its design application and functions, towards security enhancement and also user acceptability survey on the application mode will be analysed. Finally in chapter 6 I will conclude on findings and recommendation for future developme nts of information security system. Chapter 2: 2.0 Introduction: From my research it has been gathered that access to most organisation‘s computer systems which content various information are done by using authentication and identification means. The commonly used security approach towards identification and authentication is by â€Å"login process†, which involves the users ID and password. This has been in use for years towards the verification of a person trying to gain access to a computer information system. This mode of security approach has over the years been a big problem to most organisations security management system, as a result where workers could routinely share passwords with one another, sometimes forgetting their passwords or stored them in places which they could be easily seen by other people. This has lead to the level of security breaches, threats and fraudulent transaction increasing to a disturbing state, due to this the need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is being sear ched for. From researches carried out it has been found that biometric authentication can solve some of these problems, whereby help in reducing this growing security threat to a minimal level. Another importance of biometrics is its ability to improve the usability of a system since the person in use does not need to remember his or her passwords when trying to gain access to the information system. Biometrics as we know is not a new discovery to the world at large this has been in existence, during the BC and AD, just that of present more attention is been shown towards biometrics and its applications. 2.1 Why Biometrics Applications In the application of biometrics towards security setting is â€Å"Ten times† the security for that of traditional means and also cost effective in the long run. Due to issues relating to Identity theft, terrorism and increase in the general level of crime which have also combined to heighten the need for a just technology security approach.( Security Seminar K. Tracy 1998) Biometrics application over the years has been the recommended solution choice for many organisational systems towards information security, both privately owned and government companies are in use of biometric application towards maintaining secured environmental system for information sharing and distribution. Lets imagine the ability to unlock the door, obtain money from a machine, authenticate a credit card, retrieve information from a system or even start a car with just a glance at a camera or a touch, that is what bio application is all about and has helped to improve users security application by there uniqueness. 2.2 Introduction to Biometrics What Is Biometrics: The word biometrics is known to be gotten from a combination two words from Greek origin meaning (bios =life, metrikos (metrics) =measure).The terms Biometricshave been in existence since the 20th century and was used to refer to the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences (Nanavati. S. 2002). In the nutshell biometrics can be said to be an automated method in science and technology which is used in recognising, measuring and statistically analyzing biological data of an individual. These bio measurements are done based on ones physiological or behavioural characteristics, which can be used to verify the identity of the individual. Some of the examples of biological characteristic include DNA, blood group genes, whereby physical characteristics include fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, facial patterns and hand measurements, and behavioural characteristics include signature, v oice, gait and typing patterns (keystroke). One of the greatest important advantages of biometrics lies in the fact that physical or behavioural traits cannot be transferred to other individuals, or can they be forgotten. (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, (2006),) 2.3 How does biometrics work? Biometrics can be classified in two main types, which are as follows: â€Å"physiological biometrics†, this involves the use of physical trait, such as a fingerprint, iris, hand or face for recognition of an individual. Here the physical traits are collected, then analyzed, measured and stored for use. In the case of fingerprint, it is automated through a numeric encryption of its ridges, splits, dots, valleys, furrows and minutiae points. This encryption is called an algorithm, creating a binary encoded template. The iris is also digitally stored using an algorithm in the same way. (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, (2006)) The other type of biometric solution is â€Å"behavioural biometric†. This mainly involves the use of a persons behavioural trait or pattern, such as a voice, signature or key stroke. These traits are stored in the same way to that of the physiological traits except that they are updated regularly to be able to cope with the ever changing patterns in the trait. The both type of biometrics are relevant to different situations and circumstances. Naturally it has been gathered that physiological biometrics has proved to be more reliable than that of behavioural biometric, in the sense that physical traits generally stay the same all time irrespective of the age, while that of behavioural trait changes due to one or two situation which can be caused by advancement in age, learnt habit or accidental causes. 2.3.1 Mode of biometric operations: Identification: In biometrics operations, when the device/networked server hold a database of registered users and when these traits are presented, it is then authorizes the searching of the database so as to establish a match with the presented trait. In theory the device is asking â€Å"Do I know you?† This method of identification is called one too many (1: N) according to â€Å"www.posid.co.uk†. Authentication: The theory here is that the device is requesting â€Å"Are you who you claim to be†? By presenting a user id number or a Smartcard (containing the biometric algorithm) you then prove who you claim to be. In order to prove that this id number or Smartcard belongs to the user, one is requested to present his /her biometric trait directly to the device. You are authorized if they match and denied if they do not match. This method is called one to one (1:1) â€Å"www.posid.co.uk†. Authorization: In the nutshell this is known to be the last stage of a biometric system function, after identification the system search for a match and then confirms it authentication where by requesting unique feature and if matched with the stored details, you are then authorized. (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, (2006)) 2.4 Importance Of Biometrics Over Traditional Authentication Methods:- In present times most organisation, make use of Login passwords, PINs, and token towards verification and authentication for gaining access to there information database system. This are mainly designed to help protect and secure the organisations computer information network and its applications. However in most cases these technologies have been discovered to having some problems associated with them, mostly when faced with modern technology applications, like online transactions, which could involve the accessing of sensitive information such as medical reports, financial or income support information. In order to reduce these increasing problems, biometrics features are been introduced in some of these computer information applications areas. As earlier stated, â€Å"Biometrics† is known to be an automated methods of recognizing and identifying an individual based on their physical or behavioural characteristics.†(Samir Nanavati, Michael Thieme, Raj Nanavati 2002) Ev ery individual different biometric characteristic which are unique and peculiar to them, no two person have or share the same biometric features. Some of the commonly known used biometric applications in todays society are facial, fingerprint, iris, hand scan, voice and dynamic signature. Biometric data application as a means and methods of identification is well preferred by organisation due to its several advantages over the known traditional method, which have been highlighted earlier in this chapter. Some of the major reason for the preference of bio data for information security system is that the individual to be identified is required to be present physically during the identification process, and this identification process does not require the need for password remembrance in any form. With the present increasing integration of computer, as well as internet usage in our day to day activities towards information accessing, this has called for a growing need to use a more pro tective method on information system assessing. This could be done by either replacing the PINs (traditional method) totally with biometrics or combining the both towards effective security measures whereby prevents unauthorized access to computer information system. As stated in previous chapter, one of the biggest issues with the use of PINs or passwords as a security measure is that it could be forgotten, likewise tokens such as passports and drivers licenses may be forged, stolen, or lost which is unlikely in biometric traits. Basically biometric applications can be used for real-time recognition, and the most popularly used is face, voice, signature, iris and fingerprint. (S.Nanavati, M. Thieme, R. Nanavati 2002) In view to biometric application compared to the traditional application, a biometric system is basically known to be a pattern of recognition of an individual by determining the authenticity of a specific physiological or behavioural characteristic possessed by the pe rson. Several important issues are put into place during designing a functional biometric system. Basically all biometric systems consist of three (3) basic elements, which are as follows: Enrolment: It is known to be the process which involves the collecting of biometric samples from an individual, and this is captured and stores in a secured template in a central database or a smart card issued to the user. Templates: This is a storage cart where all the data or information representing the individual/enrolees biometric features is stored. The template is usually been retrieved when identification is to be carried out on an individual.Biometrics system can operate using either verification (authentication) or identification mode. Matching: It is a process which involves the comparing and analysing of individual biometric details which has been stored in the database system templates. Mainly the enrolment is the first stage during authentication, in which a template is then generated and will be used towards matching of the users authentication. 2.4 Types of Biometric Technologies Biometric can be classified into two main classes which are Physiological and Behavioural biometrics, this involves two main modes of applications, which can be said to be contact and contactless biometric applications. The main function of biometric technology system is to assist in the controlling of access to a network system, and also helping to authenticate an individual by establishing there identity by comparing it with already stored details, which are unique to the individual. The most significant factor which enable the implementation of a biometric towards authentication is it uniqueness, i.e no two person can have same bio data and can not be lost or guessed. Looking at the recent increase in the breach of information system, biometric authentication system is a more reliable, efficient and effective to reduce this increasing threat compared to the traditional password based authentication process. 2.4.1 Physiological Biometrics:- In this type of biometric application, the individual is required to have biometric features stored in the bio data storage device (scanner).This device is where the users details are collected and stored for feature use. Due to reason that a person or individual stores their bio-data and need to make direct contact when needed to gain access to an information system, has made many people have to consider this to be a technology which invades on ones personal privacy .Below are some examples. Fingerprint Evaluation: This is the most commonly used biometrics and the most advanced of all the biometric technologies and it is highly accurate. The challenges lies in varying quality of fingerprints across individuals and in dealing with wear in the defining irregularities in the ridges and valleys of ones finger (Nanavati. S, (2002),). New technologies have recently employed the use of pattern matching and ultrasonic scanning rather than evaluation of the irregularities which has increased the accuracy of fingerprint scanning and reduced the risk of misidentification. By scanning the geometry of an individualshand, including height, width, shape and proportion, security systems can accurately recognize and identify individuals. This method is primarily used for physical access control and is considered the most useful in terms of durability and application. In fact, hand scanning is used effectively where other biometrics technologies cannot work due to frequency, volume, or environmental disruptions. Here is a finger print sample from Wikipedia. Retina Scanning: is considered among the most accurate of the biometric technologies through its evaluation of the shape and make-up of inner surface of the back of the eye. This method, while highly accurate, is also fairly costly and often perceived as difficult to use. Other complications include interference from foreign objects such as eye glasses or contact lenses. Further, scanning of a sensitive area such as ones eye decreases receptivity and willingness to use. Even so, the accuracy of retina scanning and the minimized risk of imitation make it useful in extremely high security areas where accountability is of utmost importance (Nanavati. S, (2002),) . Hand/Finger Geometry Hand or finger geometry is an automated measurement of many dimensions of the hand and fingers. Neither of these methods takes actual prints of the palm or fingers. Only the spatial geometry is examined as the user puts his hand on the sensors surface and uses guiding poles between the fingers to properly place the hand and initiates the reading. Hand geometry templates are typically 9 bytes, and finger geometry templates are 20 to 25 bytes. Finger geometry usually measures two or three fingers. Hand geometry is a well-developed technology that has been thoroughly field-tested and is easily accepted by users. (Nanavati. S, (2002),) See example below of a typical hand geometry. Iris scanning: This is similar to retina scanning in method and level of accuracy. However, its application is considered less intrusive and is thus becoming more common. Recently, it has been introduced into the airline and banking industries and while system integration remains a challenging part of implementation, improvements are continually being made (5). Facial Scanning: These applications are most often used in conjunction with other verification methods such as identification cards systems or with existing security cameras and monitors. This method utilizes high resolution images of distinct facial features such as eye sockets, shape of the nose, and/or the position of certain features relative to each other (1). Problems arise with this application if the subject is not properly positioned for the camera or if environmental changes such as lighting changes prevent an accurate read. (Nanavati. S, (2002)). 2.4.2 Behavioural Biometrics: Behavioural biometrics is said to be the ability for a system to be able to recognizing, identifying and authenticating a users based on there behavioural characteristic, which are unique to them. Basically this type of biometric can be learnt or developed over a period of time, and may follow a particular pattern of usage by the individual. Example of some behavioural traits used in biometrics is as follows: handwriting, speech, keystroke, walking pattern, e.t.c. In the nutshell, this type of biometric identification over a certain period can be changed due to some factors like age, weather etc. As a result of the changes in this type of biometric application, for the system to still maintain a secured system training or registering repetitions is to be carried out from time to time. Some of the behavioural biometrics are stated here below and will be explained further as we proceed in this research work.( Nanavati. S, (2002)) Signature Verification: This verification means has been existing for a long time, they are mostly used in the banking sectors to identify individual who make use of there services. They are used mostly to give authorisations to documents like cheques, contracts and sensitive documents. Despite its long time existence, automating the recognition process remains a challenge because peoples signatures are not always identical and can change drastically over time. These changes could be as a result of some factors like old age, mental or physical state e.t.c Voice Recognition: Is a behavioural biometrics which is mainly based on an individuals speech pattern. Here a persons voice is compared or recognized based on its previously recorded stored voice output. Voice verification is a sensitive biometric type of approach because of its acceptability by a lot of user and also high rated error could be significant since it is not really invasive like the physiological biometrics, an example of its use is in â€Å"telephone transactions†. (Nanavati. S, (2002)) Keystroke Biometrics: This type of behavioural biometrics is an automated method of examining and monitoring the typing patterns of an individual on a keyboard. The technology examines and determines the dynamics characteristic rhythms, speed, and pressure, also calculating the total time used in typing a particular word, the time the individual or user takes to hitting certain keys. This technique could be combined with the traditional password system to improve security when accessing sensitive information on computer systems using keyboards or mouse .Basically this method of verification is quite new and still in it development stage, but not to say it has not been in use. Also the â€Å"keystroke biometrics is of high flexibility† because it can accommodate the changing of password over a time when users observes behavioural changes. The keystroke biometrics as it has advantages so does it have its disadvantages as well. In the nutshell these said biometrics applications (Keystroke biometrics) will be talked about more as we proceed in the research work. 2.5.0 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Different Identification Mechanisms. The pros and cons associated with specific devices are highlighted below: Fingerprint Readers Pros  · Not much storage space is required for the biometric template Cons  · Has traditionally been associated with criminal activities and thus users could be reluctant to adopt this form of biometric a

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Marketing Essay -- Business Management Studies

Marketing Marketing is about understanding the customer needs and making sure that the products fit the customer’s needs as well as finding ways to influence the customer’s behaviour. Aims and objectives An aim is a statement of purpose that outlines what the business wants to achieve, it is a general goal e.g. to gain profit. An objective is a statement of how the business will achieve their aims it contains specific numbers and dates, they are SMART. For example achieve 4% profit by the end of 2006 Businesses need to have aims and objectives in order to have a direction to follow and gain the best they can out of their business. Objectives of a business need to be SMART, this means: * Specific†¦They need to relate to the issues and the market in which the organisation is involved is involved. * Measurable†¦ They need to see if they have been successful in achieving the objectives * Achievable†¦They must be realistic for the business to be able to achieve, where they’re not too difficult so there’s a lot of pressure on the business and not too easy. * Realistic†¦ The objectives must relate to the business and its activities and must not be too far-fetched. * Timely†¦ they must plan how and when they need to be achieved. The marketing aims and objectives are a part of the marketing plan. The marketing objectives and are also SMART and like all the other departments within the business they need to build towards the aims and objectives of the business as a whole. Marketing objectives must involve understanding the needs of the customers; they also need to stay ahead of their competition. The market research the department carries out helps to determine what their objectives ar... ...blend of the marketing mix will persuade a customer to buy the product and stay loyal to the business. It is also important that the business has a specific blend just for them because of their aims and objectives as a business, for example a supermarket needs to keep a different blend to a fast food chain as their targeted customers have different needs. Overall the marketing in a business plays a very important role in how successful a product and therefore a business will be, as a good marketing strategy will attract more customers and gain more profit for the business. The marketing department mainly relies on help from other departments and the marketing mix (it is important to have the right blend). If the business uses the right strategies to fit the product/service they provide then they will be successful in achieving their aims and objectives.

Friday, July 19, 2019

paintball :: essays research papers

everybody. Players range from six to sixty, and are of any race or sex. There are many different ways to play, and an almost infinite amount of equipment for you to choose from. It is a great sport because of all the different types of equipment, and playing fields and other players can be found almost anywhere. Paintball is a very new sport. The first games were played by a few enterprising players who used cattle marking guns to play. Their paint was non-washable and expensive, costing up to a buck a ball. The first game was played on June 27, 1981. They played capture the flag against each other with Nel-Spot 007 pistols. The winner captured all the flags without firing a shot. In April of 1982, the first outdoor field was opened in Rochester, NY. Also in 1982 Paintball Marketing Incorporated was founded to market and distribute paintball products. In 1983 the first national championship was held with a $14,000 dollar purse. Also in 1983 the first foreign paintball field opened. In 1984 the sport was introduced to Australia and the first indoor field was opened in Buffalo, NY. From this point, paintball started to â€Å"snowball†, picking up interest in foreign countries and on the internet. New high-tech paintball products are invented all the time, making the sport increasingly more complex. Paintball has become a high-tech sport compared to the guns of the last couple of decades. For a long time, all of the guns ran off of 12 gram Co2 which would shoot up to 40 shots. The guns were pump action, and would hold a small amount of paint. The paint itself would cost up to a buck a ball. Masks were often safety or ski goggles. Today, guns are run by a small computer manufactured into them. They run off of large bottles of Co2, nitrogen, and compressed air, which will shoot up to 2000 times. Guns are semi-auto, or full auto, and will shoot over 25 rounds a second. Loaders hold over 200 balls and even have motorized fans inside of them to load balls. Pain t cost less than 3 cents a ball. Safety has also improved a lot. Now you can buy complete facemasks, gloves, or body armor. The sport is still evolving and at any given time there is bound to be a new invention. There are many benefits to playing paintball.

Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures Essay -- English Lite

Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures Introduction More than three-quarters of the people living in the world today have had their lives shaped by the experience of colonialism. It is easy to see how important this has been in the political and economic spheres, but its general influence on the perceptual frameworks of contemporary peoples is often less evident. Literature offers one of the most important ways in which these new perceptions are expressed and it is in their writing, and through other arts such as painting, sculpture, music, and dance that the day-to-day realities experienced by colonized peoples have been most powerfully encoded and so profoundly influential. What are post-colonial literatures? This book is concerned with writing by those peoples formerly colonized by Britain, though much of what it deals with is of interest and relevance to countries colonized by other European powers, such as France, Portugal, and Spain. The semantic basis of the term ?post-colonial? might seem to suggest a concern only with the national culture after the departure of the imperial power. It has occasionally been employed in some earlier work in the area to distinguish between the periods before and after independence (?colonial period? and ?post-colonial period?), for example, in constructing national literary histories, or in suggesting comparative studies between stages in those histories. Generally speaking, though, the term ?colonial? has been used for the period before independence and a term indicating a national writing, such as ?modern Canadian writing? or ?recent West Indian literature? has been employed to distinguish the period after independence. We use the term ?post-co... ...rad, Patrick White and Margaret Atwood?, World Literature Written in English 24, no. 2 (Autumn). Campbell Praed (1981). Policy and Passion. London: Richard Bentley & Sons. Howe, Joseph (1874). Poems and Essays. Montreal: Lovell. Ngugi wa Thiong?o (1972). Homecoming: Essays on African and Caribbean Literature, Culture, and Politics. London: Heinemann. Ngugi wa Thiong?o (1986). Writers in Politics. London: Heinemann. Phillips, Arthur (1958). ?The cultural cringe?. The Australian Tradition: Studies in a Colonial Culture. Melbourne: Cheshire. Said, Edward W. (1984). The World, the Text and the Critic. London: Faber. Tiffin, Chris, ed. (1978). South Pacific Images. St Lucia, Queensland: SPACLALS. Viswanathan, Gauri (1987). ?The beginnings of English literary study in British India?. Oxford Literary Review 9:1 & 2.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Punishment Research Paper

In this paper I will be discussing the effects of four justifications which include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and social protection. I will be showing you the relation to these types of justifications to today’s American society. I will be discussing which type of punishment deters crime most effectively. I will be discussing if the consequences of punishment provide many benefits for crime and society. When it comes to the perception of punishment it involves the state to inflict damage on criminal offenders.However that main question is whether or not punishment should be destructive but whether the presumption of punishment makes sense (Golash 2005). Retributive punishment states that offenders who commit a crime deserve some type of punishment. Validation is resulting from the wrongfully of the crime devoted by the offenders. The punishment that is the deliberate and necessary cause of harm works to terminate the crime (Golash 2005). Punishment is only measu red for the wrongfully of the act, not to prevent future unlawful activity.It is believed by Golash that punishment is used to justify victims (Golash 2005). Punishment is a symbolic termination giving attention to the public that a specific crime was immoral rather than a particular termination of the criminal act. Punishment is believed to be an illustration of vindicated anger by the victim’s because of the breach of trust commanded by society (Golash 2005). Those who profit from the law have approval to punishment according to the law it is a social dissimilarity among society and its members.As of this social dissimilarity, it would be unjust to allow specific citizens to profit from society without restrictive their own bad desires (Golash 2005). Retributive punishment does not invalidate the crime except the will of offenders that are offenders will be free lacking self-control and consequently punishment direct the will of offenders toward unlawful activity (Golash 20 05). In other words, the victims are never fully return to the position they were prior to the criminal act. The conclusion is that a victim has no right apart from their own right to vindicate the offender’s illegal behavior to them (Golash 2005).Criminal wrongs cannot be undone, and doing additional harm to an offender only compounds certain social ills that may be highly correlated with the offender’s need for criminal fulfillment. Punishment is not the only alternative to handle criminals (Golash 2005). Retribution demands a consequence, but that consequence does not necessarily implicate punishment (Golash 2005). In the end if the system demands punishment for those who deserve then why those who are are deserve good not receiving good.Retribution is also known as the moral vengeance to satisfy a society to make the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused (Golash 2005). This type of justification for punishment is the oldest of the four different types of punishment (Golash 2005). This type of punishment was designed to satisfy the people’s need for a type of closure that satisfied the moral of society (Golash 2005). In principal punishment should be equal in severity to the deviance itself. It all comes down to equal justice and eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.The second of the four justifications for punishment is deterrence. Deterrence is the attempt to discourage crime by punishment (Britannica 2012). This idea came about during the eighteenth century. Deterrence is a type of punishment that relies upon examples of punishment made known to everyone ahead of the times before they choose to do an unlawful activity (Britannica 2012). This concept is based on idea that citizens will not break the law if they think that the pain of the punishment will outweigh the pleasure of the crime.Deterrence theory has established difficult to validate however largely because the presence of many intervening factors makes it difficu lt to prove unequivocally that a certain penalty has prevented someone from committing a given crime(Britannica 2012) There have been a few examples where some sentences can have a strong deterrent effect. For example laws that are designed to prevent driving under the influence of alcohol and setting a maximum legal limit of blood alcohol levels can have a temporary deterrent effect on a wide population especially when coupled with mandatory penalties and a high probability of conviction (Britannica 2012).There is another form of deterrent that is called denunciation which utilizes public condemnation as a form of community moral education (Britannica 2012). In this approach a person found guilty of a crime is denounced that is subjected to shame and public criticism (Britannica 2012). Its objective is to reinforce their rejection of law-breaking behavior. General deterrence through fear is aimed at those who avoid law-breaking behaviors not on moral grounds but on the basis of a c alculation of the potential rewards and penalties involved (Britannica 2012).This type of punishment is much informal and rationale. Theoretically the effectiveness of individual deterrence can be measured by examining the subsequent conduct of the offender (Britannica 2012). Theories of deterrence and retribution share the same idea that punishment should be proportionate to the gravity of the crime, a principal of practical importance (Britannica 2012). If all punishment were the same there would be no incentive to commit lesser rather than the greater offense. Rehabilitation is a more permanent fix in deterring crime (Larrabee 2006).Rehabilitation through community supervision can have a more lasting effect on individuals and deter them from committing future crime if they learn how to adapt in society by gaining academic or trade skills (Larrabee 2006). These programs can help offenders find employment and secure an important role in the community and give them them a sense of b eing. Therapy is another form of rehabilitation needed to help deter individuals from committing future crime (Larrabee 2006). Rehabilitation is based on creating a change in criminal’s attitudes or resources so that crime is neither a desired nor necessary activity (Larrabee 2006).Some punishment includes work to reform and rehabilitate the wrongdoer so that they will not commit the offence again. This is distinguished from deterrence, in that the goal here is to change the offender's attitude to what they have done, and make them come to see that their behavior was wrong (Larrabee 2006). Form of rehabilitation through community supervision may also benefit a victim or their families such programs and have high hopes of deterring individuals from committing such acts (Larrabee 2006).By allowing criminals to be rehabilitated instead of incarceration it helps to eliminate problems that inmates experience once released from prison. Allowing someone to probation instead of jail time allows families to stay together. When people are incarcerated it causes families to go from two parents to a one parent family, causing hardship, stress, and problems in the family structure. This program was designed to reform the offender to prevent later offenses (Larrabee 2006).This idea rose among social sciences in the nineteenth century that proved to be an effective solution. If you can control the environment that criminal or lawbreaker of some sort lives in, you can deviate from their normal society (Larrabee 2006). Reformatories or houses of correction provided setting where people could learn the proper behavior. One example of rehabilitation is when someone is caught and arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol they are sentence to attend Alcoholic Anonymous meetings rather than jail time (Larrabee 2006).Once they have completed the rehabilitation through the proper reformatory chosen for them they can choose to stay on the same path of freedom contribu ting to society or go back to their old habits (Larrabee 2006). Rehabilitation is the most forgiving and positive punishment of the four justifications discussed because it promises the offender a second chance at life (Larrabee 2006). Unlike retribution, which demands that the punishment fit the crime, rehabilitation tailors treatment to each offender. The final option for a justification for punishment is the term societal protection.This favors the society by rendering the offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution (Stephens 1990). This option of punishment differs from rehabilitation in that no special treatment is given to the offender in hopes to change him. His surrounding is a set area in a cell or execution chamber that many have used before him which protects society (Stephens 1990). This method can help be helpful to the offender giving the offender a chance to reform and a promised second chance.The United States c urrently incarcerates close to 2. 2 million offenders in jail. As â€Å"in the Times explains, the crime rate has gone down in recent years, but the number of offenders locked up across the country has gone up, tripling since 1980 (Stephens 1990). This type of punishment does what is necessary to protect society as a whole from the criminal. This could mean death, or complete removal from society (Stephens 1990). So the question is which one of these deters crime the most efficiently in today’s society.With the different views available as well as my personal views, it is difficult to choose just one type of punishment as the most effective method of determent. I can say however, that I would like to see Rehabilitation efforts made more widely available for Juvenile Offenders as I feel that this will enable them to have a much better grasp on what life is as well as allowing them to change their lives positively. While for adult offenders (serious crimes), I would not mind s eeing harsher penalties in many cases.Certain punishments are more effective on certain crimes. And certain punishments are more effective on certain people (Black 1998). Some criminals should be punished to remove their incentive for committing crimes. But there are some criminals who just need to be removed from society to prevent them from preying upon society (Black 1998). Obviously for lesser crimes, lesser punishments should be delivered. Punishments (if at all possible) should reflect the crime committed — such as scrubbing walls for â€Å"graffiti artists†, picking up trash for litterers, etc.Not enough of this is done. Punishments should not punish society if alternatives are available (Black 1998). Jailing everyone (as is now practiced extensively in the U. S. A. ) also punishes society — tax money is used. Whippings and public service are excellent punishments and (at least whippings) are not practiced in the U. S. A (Black 1998). But where they are p racticed, crime is lower. These forms of punishment also do not cost the taxpayers a lot of money. For most criminals, the threat of â€Å"adequate† punishment will deter them. Adequate† does not include sitting on one's bum all day with free meals and a warm place to sleep — not to mention watching television and playing video games (or whatever else jails provide these days) . But then, on the other side of this argument is the fact that far too many people are made criminals for things which should not be a crime. I once heard of a woman being jailed for overdue library books — beyond absurd (Black 1998). And, at least in one municipality, they wanted to make jay walking a jail able offence — again way beyond absurd.Real criminals belong in the jail not jaywalkers, people who get into fights, marijuana smokers, etc. Do punishments for murderers and rapists and the like provide any benefits for the criminals and society? Absolutely it does. It kee ps violent criminals off the streets. Does it provide benefits for those convicted of drug crimes? While they're in prison, they've got a roof over their heads, food, and other things. Don't get me wrong: people are treated like animals in prisons. But if you come from violent, hard knock surroundings anyhow, I dunno†¦ maybe in some cases.Does sticking people in prisons who are convicted of drug crimes provide benefits to society? It gets drug users and small time dealers off the streets, but we have to pay for their food, clothing, and housing for 15+ years. My personal opinion: When even hard drugs like coke and heroin are cheaper than most medicines, then maybe our definition of â€Å"criminal† needs a harder look. In conclusion the four types of justification for punishment including retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and societal protection are all effective ways our society deals with lawbreakers.Each of these justifications is an attempt to protect society b y ensuring proper punishment is carried out. Since crime has statistically dropped in the past 20 years we can conclude that our justice system has a positive effect on crime REFERENCES Stephens (1990) High-tech crime fighting Futurist, Jul/Aug90, Vol. 24 Issue 4, p20-20, 6p, 3 Black and White Photographs, 2 Illustrations received on October 28, 2012 Black (1998) Do Right-to-Carry Laws Deter Violent Crime? Journal of Legal Studies, January 1998, v. 27, iss. 1, pp. 209-19 received on October 28, 2012 Larrabee (2006) Punishment vs.Rehabilitation in the criminal justice system received on October 27, 2012 from http://voices. yahoo. com/punishment-vs-rehabilitation-criminal-justice-119962. html? cat=17 Britannica(2012) General Deterrence received on October 27, 2012 from http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/483544/punishment/272339/General-deterrence# Golash (2005) The case against punishment: Retribution, crime prevention and the Law New York: New York University Press, 2005. 24 0pp. Vol. 15 No. 3 (March 2005), pp. 234-237 received on October 26, 2012 from http://www. bsos. umd. edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/golash305. htm